What are the alternatives to IP whitelisting to connect to an Azure SQL database?

At my interview, I was asked how I would use Azure Data Factory to connect to a SQL Server that had been recently set up in a resource group without needing to add the IP address to a whitelist.
I suggested that Managed Identity be employed.

Could someone direct me to the most effective methods for securely connecting to Azure SQL DB?

I answered Managed Identity. However not sure about this.

How to access on-premises SQL Server from Data Factory Managed VNet using Private Endpoint

Secure connection to Azure SQL database with Azure Private Link

What did you Try? What did you Get? What did you Expect?

Joined CodeIgniter Community 2009.  ( Skype: insitfx )