How do I mock Models when testing?

I like your model factory approach! You could keep using it that way and even expand it by placing it on a parent BaseModel and have it do something like this:

PHP Code:

public static function factory(): static
{
    return model(static::class);
} 


That way you could always access your shared factory instance but still use the actual model class you are after:

PHP Code:

UserModel::factory()->find(1);